| 翻訳と辞書 |
| Antiqua (typeface class) ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Antiqua (typeface class)
Antiqua is a style of text used to mimic the hand.
== History ==
Antiqua typefaces are those designed between about 1470 and 1600, specifically those by Nicolas Jenson and the Aldine roman commissioned by Aldus Manutius and cut by Francesco Griffo. Antiqua letterforms were modelled on a synthesis of Roman inscriptional capitals and Carolingian writing. Florentine writer Petrarch was one of the few medieval authors to have written at any length on the handwriting of his time; in his essay on the subject, ''La scrittura''〔Petrarch, ''La scrittura'', discussed by Armando Petrucci, ''La scrittura di Francesco Petrarca'' (Vatican City) 1967.〕 he criticized the current scholastic hand, with its laboured strokes (''artificiosis litterarum tractibus'') and exuberant (''luxurians'') letter-forms amusing the eye from a distance, but fatiguing on closer exposure, as if written for other purpose than to be read. For Petrarch the gothic hand violated three principles: writing, he said, should be simple (''castigata''), clear (''clara'') and orthographically correct.〔Petrarch, ''La scrittura'', noted in Albert Derolez, "The script reform of Petrarch: an illusion?" in John Haines, Randall Rosenfeld, eds. ''Music and Medieval Manuscripts: paleography and performance'' 2006:5f; Derolez discusses the ''degree'' of Petrarch's often alluded-to reform.〕 Boccaccio was a great admirer of Petrarch; from Boccaccio's immediate circle this post-Petrarchan "semi-gothic" revised hand spread to ''literati'' in Florence, Lombardy〔Mirella Ferrari "La 'littera antiqua' a Milan, 1417-1439" in Johanne Autenrieth, ed. ''Renaissance- und Humanistenhandschriften'', (Munich: Oldenbourg,) 1988:21-29.〕 and the Veneto.〔Rhiannon Daniels, ''Boccaccio and the book: production and reading in Italy 1340-1520'', 2009:28.〕 A more thorough reform of handwriting than the Petrarchan compromise was in the offing. The generator of the new style (''illustration'') was Poggio Bracciolini, a tireless pursuer of ancient manuscripts, who developed the new humanist script in the first decade of the 15th century. The Florentine bookseller Vespasiano da Bisticci recalled later in the century that Poggio had been a very fine calligrapher of lettera antica and di had transcribed texts to support himself— presumably, as Martin Davies points out—〔Davies, in Kraye (ed.) 1996:51.〕 before he went to Rome in 1403 to begin his career in the papal curia. Berthold Ullman identifies the watershed moment in the development of the new humanistic hand as the youthful Poggio's transcription of Cicero's ''Epistles to Atticus''.〔Ullman, ''The Origin and Development of Humanistic Script'' (Rome) 1960.〕 By the time the Medici library was catalogued in 1418, almost half the manuscripts were noted as in the ''lettera antica''. The new script was embraced and developed by the Florentine humanists and educators Niccolò de' Niccoli〔Stanley Morison, "Early humanistic script and the first roman type", reprinted in his ''Selected Essays on the History of Letter-Forms in Manuscript and Print'', ed. by David McKitterick, 2 vols. 1981:206-29.〕 and Coluccio Salutati. The neat, sloping, humanist cursive invented by the Florentine humanist Niccolò de' Niccoli in the 1420s and disseminated through his numerous scholars is usually characterized as essentially a rapid version of the same script. Rhiannon Daniels writes, however, that "()his was not humanistic bookhand written cursively, but a running script written with a very fine pen; a modification of contemporary gothic chancery script influenced by humanistic bookhand; hence it is sometimes known as ''cancelleresca all'antica''".〔Daniels 2009:29.〕 In the late fifteenth century this "chancery script in the Antique manner" was further developed by humanists in Rome. Calligraphic forms of this "chancery italic" were popularized by the famous Roman writing master Ludovico Arrighi in the early sixteenth century.〔("Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library & Renaissance Culture" )〕 In the history of Western typography humanist minuscule gained prominence as a model for the typesetter's roman typeface, as it was standardized by Aldus Manutius, who introduced his revolutionary italic typeface based on the chancery hand in Venice, 1501, and was practised by designer-printers Nicolas Jenson and Francesco Griffo; this is the reason why They are also known as ''Venetian types'' and occasionally as ''old style'', differentiated from modern styles by the more or less uniform thickness of all strokes and by slanted serifs. Roman type has helped establish the remarkable resistance to change of the modern Latin alphabet.〔S. Morison, "Early humanistic script and the first roman type", ''The Library'' 24 (1943:1-291); Lane Wilkinson (University of Tennessee at Chattanooga), "The Humanistic minuscule and the advent of Roman type" ((online text in pdf format )).〕 The term "Antiqua" later came to sometimes be used for Roman type in general as opposed to blackletter, as in the Antiqua-Fraktur dispute in the German-speaking world.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Antiqua (typeface class)」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|